Electrolytes Panel: Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride

What is an Electrolytes Panel?

An electrolytes panel measures minerals in blood that regulate nerve and muscle function, hydration, and pH balance. These tests assess kidney function, adrenal gland performance, and various medical conditions. Imbalances can cause serious symptoms and require immediate treatment.

Key Electrolytes

1. Sodium (Na+)

Essential for nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and fluid balance. Normal: 136-145 mEq/L. Low sodium (hyponatremia) causes confusion and seizures, while high sodium (hypernatremia) causes thirst and dehydration.

2. Potassium (K+)

Critical for heart rhythm and muscle function. Normal: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L. Low potassium (hypokalemia) causes muscle weakness and irregular heartbeat, while high potassium (hyperkalemia) is potentially life-threatening.

3. Chloride (Cl-)

Maintains blood pressure and acid-base balance. Normal: 98-107 mEq/L. Works with sodium to regulate fluid balance and affects blood pH significantly.

4. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Buffers blood pH. Normal: 22-26 mEq/L. Abnormal levels indicate metabolic or respiratory acid-base disorders requiring investigation.

Conditions Causing Electrolyte Imbalances

• ✓ Kidney disease and acute kidney injury
• ✓ Dehydration and excessive sweating
• ✓ Vomiting and diarrhea
• ✓ Diuretic and some medication use
• ✓ Adrenal gland disorders
• ✓ Heart failure and liver disease
• ✓ Diabetes and hormonal imbalances

Symptoms of Electrolyte Imbalance

• • Muscle weakness and cramps
• • Irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
• • Fatigue and lethargy
• • Nausea and vomiting
• • Confusion and headaches
• • Numbness and tingling

When Should Electrolytes Be Tested?

Electrolyte panels are part of routine checkups, essential for patients with kidney disease, those taking diuretics or certain medications, individuals with cardiac conditions, and anyone experiencing symptoms suggesting electrolyte imbalance.

Managing Electrolyte Balance

Treatment depends on the specific imbalance. Mild cases may resolve with dietary changes, while severe imbalances require medication or intravenous therapy. Regular monitoring ensures proper management of chronic conditions.